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Pragmatics and Semantics Many contemporary philosophical approaches are based on semantics. For pragmatickr , Brandom focuses on linguistic meaning (albeit from a pragmatic viewpoint). Others take a more holistic view of pragmatics, like relevance theory, which attempts to understand the of the processes that lead to an utterance being made by a hearer. However, this approach tends to overlook other aspects of pragmatism like epistemic debates over truth. What exactly is pragmatism? Pragmatism is a viable alternative to continental philosophy and analytic philosophy. It was conceived by Charles Sanders Peirce and extended by his friend and colleague William James, and later developed by Josiah Royce. It was influential in a variety of areas of inquiry that span from philosophy of science to theology however, it also found a place in the philosophy of ethics and politics, philosophy of language, aesthetics, and social theory. The pragmatist traditions continues to grow. The underlying principle of classical pragmatism is the pragmatic maxim, a principle for defining the meaning of hypotheses through tracing their 'practical consequences' – their implications for the experience of specific situations. This creates an epistemological view that is a form 'inquiry based epistemology,' and an anti Cartesian explanation of the norms that govern inquiry. The early pragmatists had a split on whether pragmatism was a science-based philosophy that embraced a monism regarding truth (following Peirce) or a broad alethic pluralitism (James & Dewey). A major concern for philosophers who are pragmatists is understanding knowledge. Rorty is one of the pragmatists who is skeptical of theories of knowledge that are founded on 'immediate experience'. Others, like Peirce and James are skeptical of the theory of correspondence that claims to be true, according to which true beliefs are those that represent reality in a 'correct' way. Pragmatism also addresses the relationship between beliefs, reality and human rationality. It examines the importance of values and virtues and the meaning and purpose of life. Pragmatists also developed a variety of ideas and methods including those in semiotics and philosophy of language. They also study areas like philosophy of religion, philosophy, science, ethics and theology. Some, like Peirce and Royce are epistemological relativists, while others contend that this kind of relativity is a serious misguided idea. A renewed the classical pragmatism movement in the late 20th century has resulted in a number of new developments, such as a 'near-side' pragmatics that is concerned with the resolution of unclearness and ambiguity as well as the use of proper names, indexicals, demonstratives and anaphors and a 'far side' pragmatics that looks at the semantics of discourses. What is the relationship between what you say and what you do? Semantics and Pragmatics are often viewed as being on opposite ends of a continuum with semantics on the near side and pragmatics on the other. Carston for instance asserts that there are at most three general kinds of pragmatics in the present: those who view it as a philosophy along the lines of Grice; those who focus on its interaction with grammar and those who are concerned with utterance interpretation. Near-side pragmatics encompasses issues such as the resolution of confusion and the use of proper names indexicals, demonstratives presupposition, and anaphoras. It is also thought to encompass some issues involving definite descriptions. What is the relation between semantics and pragmatics? Pragmatics is the study of meaning within the context of language. It is a branch of linguistics that studies the way people employ language to convey various meanings. It is often compared to semantics, which studies the literal meaning of words within a sentence or chunk of speech. The relationship between pragmatism and semantics is a complex one. The main difference is that pragmatics considers different factors other than the literal meanings of words, such as the intended meaning as well as the context that a statement was made. This gives a more naive understanding of the meaning of an utterance. Semantics also focuses on the relationship between words, while pragmatics is more concerned with the interlocutors' relationships (people who are in conversations) and their contextual characteristics. In recent years, neopragmatism has focused heavily on the philosophy of metaphilosophy and language. It has largely abandoned the metaphysics and value theories of classical pragmatism. However, some neopragmatists are trying to create an ethics that draws from the ideas of pragmatics from classical pragmatism and experience. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and others were among the first to develop classical pragmatics. Both were influential thinkers who wrote a number books. Their works are still widely regarded today. While pragmatism may be a viable alternative to the traditional philosophical tradition of continental and analytic philosophy, it is not without its critics. For example some philosophers have argued that pragmatism is just an expression of deconstructionism, and is not truly a new philosophical approach. In addition to these critics the pragmatism of the past was challenged by technological and scientific advances. For instance, pragmatists struggled to reconcile their views on science with the evolution of evolutionary theory, which was created by a non-pragmatist Richard Dawkins. Despite these challenges the pragmatism movement continues to grow in its popularity throughout the world. It is an important third alternative to the continental and analytic philosophical traditions, and has a variety of practical applications. It is a rapidly growing field of inquiry that has numerous schools of thought developing and incorporating elements of pragmatism into their own philosophical framework. If you are looking to learn more about pragmatism, or applying it in your daily life, there are plenty of sources available.